编写命令行应用

This tutorial teaches you how to build command-line apps and shows you a few small command-line applications. These programs use resources that most command-line applications need, including the standard output, error, and input streams, command-line arguments, files and directories, and more.

Running an app with the standalone Dart VM

To run a command-line app in the Dart VM, use dart run. The dart commands are included with the Dart SDK.

Let’s run a small program.

1. Create a file called hello_world.dart that contains this code:

   void main() {
     print('Hello, World!');
   }

2. In the directory that contains the file you just created, run the program:

   $ dart run hello_world.dart
   Hello, World!
   

The Dart tool supports many commands and options. Use dart --help to see commonly used commands and options. Use dart --verbose to see all options.

Overview of the dcat app code

This tutorial covers the details of a small sample app called dcat, which displays the contents of any files listed on the command line. This app uses various classes, functions, and properties available to command-line apps. Continue on in the tutorial to learn about each part of the app and the various APIs used.

import 'dart:convert';
import 'dart:io';

import 'package:args/args.dart';

const lineNumber = 'line-number';

void main(List<String> arguments) {
  exitCode = 0; // Presume success
  final parser = ArgParser()..addFlag(lineNumber, negatable: false, abbr: 'n');

  ArgResults argResults = parser.parse(arguments);
  final paths = argResults.rest;

  dcat(paths, showLineNumbers: argResults[lineNumber] as bool);
}

Future<void> dcat(List<String> paths, {bool showLineNumbers = false}) async {
  if (paths.isEmpty) {
    // No files provided as arguments. Read from stdin and print each line.
    await stdin.pipe(stdout);
  } else {
    for (final path in paths) {
      var lineNumber = 1;
      final lines = utf8.decoder
          .bind(File(path).openRead())
          .transform(const LineSplitter());
      try {
        await for (final line in lines) {
          if (showLineNumbers) {
            stdout.write('${lineNumber++} ');
          }
          stdout.writeln(line);
        }
      } catch (_) {
        await _handleError(path);
      }
    }
  }
}

Future<void> _handleError(String path) async {
  if (await FileSystemEntity.isDirectory(path)) {
    stderr.writeln('error: $path is a directory');
  } else {
    exitCode = 2;
  }
}

Getting dependencies

You might notice that dcat depends on a package named args. To get the args package, use the pub package manager.

A real app has tests, license files, dependency files, examples, and so on. For the first app though, we can easily create only what is necessary with the dart create command.

1. Inside a directory, create the dcat app with the dart tool.

   $ dart create dcat
   

2. Change to the created directory.

   $ cd dcat
   

3. Inside the dcat directory, use dart pub add to add the args package as a dependency. This adds args to the list of your dependencies found in the pubspec.yaml file.

   $ dart pub add args
   

4. Open the bin/dcat.dart file and copy the preceding code into it.

Running dcat

Once you have your app’s dependencies, you can run the app from the command line over any text file, like pubspec.yaml:

$ dart run bin/dcat.dart -n pubspec.yaml
1 name: dcat
2 description: A sample command-line application.
3 version: 1.0.0
4 # repository: https://github.com/my_org/my_repo
5 
6 environment:
7   sdk: ^3.2.0
8 
9 # Add regular dependencies here.
10 dependencies:
11   args: ^2.4.2
12   # path: ^1.8.0
13 
14 dev_dependencies:
15   lints: ^2.1.0
16   test: ^1.24.0

This command displays each line of the specified file. Because you specified the -n option, a line number is displayed before each line.

Parsing command-line arguments

The args package provides parser support for transforming command-line arguments into a set of options, flags, and additional values. Import the package’s args library as follows:

import 'package:args/args.dart';

The args library contains these classes, among others:

The following code in the dcat app uses these classes to parse and store the specified command-line arguments:

void main(List<String> arguments) {
  exitCode = 0; // Presume success
  final parser = ArgParser()..addFlag(lineNumber, negatable: false, abbr: 'n');

  ArgResults argResults = parser.parse(arguments);
  final paths = argResults.rest;

  dcat(paths, showLineNumbers: argResults[lineNumber] as bool);
}

The Dart runtime passes command-line arguments to the app’s main function as a list of strings. The ArgParser is configured to parse the -n option. Then, the result of parsing command-line arguments is stored in argResults.

The following diagram shows how the dcat command line used above is parsed into an ArgResults object.

You can access flags and options by name, treating an ArgResults like a Map. You can access other values using the rest property.

The API reference for the args library provides detailed information to help you use the ArgParser and ArgResults classes.

Reading and writing with stdin, stdout, and stderr

Like other languages, Dart has standard output, standard error, and standard input streams. The standard I/O streams are defined at the top level of the dart:io library:

Import the dart:io library as follows:

import 'dart:io';

stdout

The following code from the dcat app writes the line numbers to stdout (if the -n option is specified) followed by the contents of the line from the file.

if (showLineNumbers) {
  stdout.write('${lineNumber++} ');
}
stdout.writeln(line);

The write() and writeln() methods take an object of any type, convert it to a string, and print it. The writeln() method also prints a newline character. The dcat app uses the write() method to print the line number so the line number and text appear on the same line.

You can also use the writeAll() method to print a list of objects, or use addStream() to asynchronously print all the elements from a stream.

stdout provides more functionality than the print() function. For example, you can display the contents of a stream with stdout. However, you must use print() instead of stdout for apps that run on the web.

stderr

Use stderr to write error messages to the console. The standard error stream has the same methods as stdout, and you use it in the same way. Although both stdout and stderr print to the console, their output is separate and can be redirected or piped in the command line or programmatically to different destinations.

This code from dcat prints an error message if the user tries to list a directory.

The following code from the dcat app prints an error message if the user tries to output the lines of a directory instead of a file.

if (await FileSystemEntity.isDirectory(path)) {
  stderr.writeln('error: $path is a directory');
} else {
  exitCode = 2;
}

stdin

The standard input stream typically reads data synchronously from the keyboard, although it can read asynchronously and get input piped in from the standard output of another program.

Here’s a small program that reads a single line from stdin:

import 'dart:io';

void main() {
  stdout.writeln('Type something');
  final input = stdin.readLineSync();
  stdout.writeln('You typed: $input');
}

The readLineSync() method reads text from the standard input stream, blocking until the user types in text and presses return. This little program prints out the typed text.

In the dcat app, if the user does not provide a filename on the command line, the program instead reads from stdin using the pipe() method. Because pipe() is asynchronous (returning a Future, even though this code doesn’t use that return value), the code that calls it uses await.

await stdin.pipe(stdout);

In this case, the user types in lines of text, and the app copies them to stdout. The user signals the end of input by pressing Control+D (or Control+Z on Windows).

$ dart run bin/dcat.dart
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

Getting info about a file

The FileSystemEntity class in the dart:io library provides properties and static methods that help you inspect and manipulate the file system.

For example, if you have a path, you can determine whether the path is a file, a directory, a link, or not found by using the type() method from the FileSystemEntity class. Because the type() method accesses the file system, it performs the check asynchronously.

The following code from the dcat app uses FileSystemEntity to determine if the path provided on the command line is a directory. The returned Future completes with a boolean that indicates if the path is a directory or not. Because the check is asynchronous, the code calls isDirectory() using await.

if (await FileSystemEntity.isDirectory(path)) {
  stderr.writeln('error: $path is a directory');
} else {
  exitCode = 2;
}

Other interesting methods in the FileSystemEntity class include isFile(), exists(), stat(), delete(), and rename(), all of which also use a Future to return a value.

FileSystemEntity is the superclass for the File, Directory, and Link classes.

Reading a file

The dcat apps opens each file listed on the command line with the openRead() method, which returns a Stream. The await for block waits for the file to be read and decoded asynchronously. When the data becomes available on the stream, the app prints it to stdout.

for (final path in paths) {
  var lineNumber = 1;
  final lines = utf8.decoder
      .bind(File(path).openRead())
      .transform(const LineSplitter());
  try {
    await for (final line in lines) {
      if (showLineNumbers) {
        stdout.write('${lineNumber++} ');
      }
      stdout.writeln(line);
    }
  } catch (_) {
    await _handleError(path);
  }
}

The following highlights the rest of the code, which uses two decoders that transform the data before making it available in the await for block. The UTF8 decoder converts the data into Dart strings. LineSplitter splits the data at newlines.

for (final path in paths) {
  var lineNumber = 1;
  final lines = utf8.decoder
      .bind(File(path).openRead())
      .transform(const LineSplitter());
  try {
    await for (final line in lines) {
      if (showLineNumbers) {
        stdout.write('${lineNumber++} ');
      }
      stdout.writeln(line);
    }
  } catch (_) {
    await _handleError(path);
  }
}

The dart:convert library provides these and other data converters, including one for JSON. To use these converters you need to import the dart:convert library:

import 'dart:convert';

Writing to a file

The easiest way to write text to a file is to create a File object and use the writeAsString() method:

final quotes = File('quotes.txt');
const stronger = 'That which does not kill us makes us stronger. -Nietzsche';

await quotes.writeAsString(stronger, mode: FileMode.append);

The writeAsString() method writes the data asynchronously. It opens the file before writing and closes the file when done. To append data to an existing file, you can use the optional named parameter mode and set its value to FileMode.append. Otherwise, the mode defaults to FileMode.write and the previous contents of the file, if any, are overwritten.

If you want to write more data, you can open the file for writing. The openWrite() method returns an IOSink, which has the same type as stdin and stderr. When using the IOSink returned from openWrite(), you can continue to write to the file until done, at which time, you must manually close the file. The close() method is asynchronous and returns a Future.

final quotes = File('quotes.txt').openWrite(mode: FileMode.append);

quotes.write("Don't cry because it's over, ");
quotes.writeln('smile because it happened. -Dr. Seuss');
await quotes.close();

Getting environment information

Use the Platform class to get information about the machine and operating system that your app is running on.

The static Platform.environment property provides a copy of the environment variables in an immutable map. If you need a mutable map (modifiable copy) you can use Map.of(Platform.environment).

final envVarMap = Platform.environment;

print('PWD = ${envVarMap['PWD']}');
print('LOGNAME = ${envVarMap['LOGNAME']}');
print('PATH = ${envVarMap['PATH']}');

Platform provides other useful properties that give information about the machine, OS, and currently running app. For example:

• Platform.isMacOS()
• Platform.numberOfProcessors
• Platform.script

Setting exit codes

The dart:io library defines a top-level property, exitCode, that you can change to set the exit code for the current invocation of the Dart VM. An exit code is a number passed from a Dart app to the parent process to indicate the success, failure, or other state of the execution of the app.

The dcat app sets the exit code in the _handleError() function to indicate that an error occurred during execution.

Future<void> _handleError(String path) async {
  if (await FileSystemEntity.isDirectory(path)) {
    stderr.writeln('error: $path is a directory');
  } else {
    exitCode = 2;
  }
}

An exit code of 2 indicates that the app encountered an error.

An alternative to using exitCode is to use the top-level exit() function, which sets the exit code and exits the app immediately. For example, the _handleError() function could call exit(2) instead of setting exitCode to 2, but exit() would quit the program and it might not process all of the files specified by the running command.

Although you can use any number for an exit code, by convention, the codes in the table below have the following meanings:

Summary

This tutorial described some basic APIs found in the following classes from the dart:io library:

In addition, this tutorial covered two classes from package:args that help with parsing and using command-line arguments: ArgParser and ArgResults.

For more classes, functions, and properties, consult the API docs for dart:io, dart:convert, and package:args.

For another example of a command line app, check out the command_line sample.

What next?

If you’re interested in server-side programming, check out the next tutorial.